A six-carrier navy could set back the Chinese government tens of billions of dollars. The U.S. Navy spends $14 billion to build each new Ford-class carrier. A Nimitz costs around $500 million per year to operate.
The Chinese navy could possess as many as six aircraft carriers by the mid-2030s.
Six carriers might allow Beijing to provide each of its regional fleets with two flattops. One vessel could organize while the other underwent maintenance.
It's unclear accurately how much a six-carrier navy would cost China. But it would be a lot.
Song Zhongping, an armed specialist and T.V. commentator, told Global Times that China needs at least five aircraft carriers to perform its military strategy. Wang Yunfei, a retired Chinese navy officer, said Beijing needs six flattops.
The Chinese defense ministry declined during a November 2018 press discussion to identify how many carriers it planned to acquire.
Leaving sideways the high cost, six flattops makes sense. The Chinese navy includes three regional fleets — one each for China's northern, eastern and southern coasts.
In 2018, each fleet gripped between 20 and 30 major surface warships, at least a dozen submarines and a handful of amphibious vessels. Just one, the Northern Theater Navy headquartered in Qingdao, operated an aircraft carrier — Liaoning, China's refurbished, former Ukrainian flattop, which commissioned in 2012.
If China certainly builds six flattops, each fleet, in theory, could possess two. One always would be available for operations, presumptuous China follows the same kind of operation calendar that the U.S. Navy does.
The U.S. fleet plans to position six of its 11 carriers within 30 days of a crisis, plus a seventh within 90 days.
Liaoning displaces 55,000 tons of water. Her powerplant is non-nuclear and, for introduction planes, her skin tone a ramp rather than American-style catapults. Sister vessel Shandong, China's first domestically-built flattop, began sea trials in 2018.
The two vessels suffer similar boundaries resulting from their lack of catapults. The ramp layout most likely limits aircraft to a maximum launch weight of 30 tons, a former Chinese navy source exposed.
China's J-15 naval fighter weighs nearly 20 tons empty. Fuel frequently accounts for most of the available 10-ton payload, warning the fighter's normal weapons loadout to just a few small missiles. The U.S. Navy's carriers use steam catapults to launch aircraft weighing as much as 50 tons.
Which is not to say Liaoning and her sister ship aren't useful. "Though Liaoning has considerably less ability than a U.S. Navy carrier, it provides extended air defense reporting for at-sea task groups and is being used to develop further China's carrier pilots, deck crews and tactics," the U.S. Defense Department noted in the 2018 edition of its annual report on the Chinese military.
A third Chinese carrier, also non-nuclear, is under construction in Shanghai. That vessel supposedly has catapults. Wang said flattops numbers five and six might also feature nuclear-propulsion, making them roughly corresponding to the U.S. Navy's own Nimitz- and Ford-class flattops, each of which displaces around 100,000 tons.
Song said China's two ramp-equipped carriers would remain close to Chinese shores, while bigger, catapult-equipped vessels sailed farther into the Pacific and Indian Oceans. On her first three training deployments in 2014 and 2017, Liaoning navigates approximately the same path from northern to southern China and back, each time skirting Taiwan.
A six-carrier fleet could set back the Chinese government tens of billions of dollars. The U.S. Navy spends $14 billion to build each new Ford-class carrier. A Nimitz costs around $500 million per year to operate.
China's own, smaller flattops surely are rather cheaper than that. The Royal Navy's two new carriers Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales, which roughly are the same size that the Chinese ships are and also are non-nuclear, cost $5 billion apiece just to build.
China spent around $200 billion on its military in 2018. The United States spent $700 billion. But a dollar goes farther in China, prompting some experts to declare that Washington and Beijing in 2018 actually spent roughly the same amount, adjusting for purchasing power.
David Axe serves as the new Defense Editor of the National Interest. He is the author of the graphic novels War Fix, War Is Boring and Machete Squad.
